As a result of reported coronavirus infections in Poland, the Polish Parliament recently adopted an act on special rules to help the country fend off the threat posed by the coronavirus.
Under the new law, employers are able to instruct employees to work from home. The act also introduced an additional care allowance in the event schools are closed (which ultimately happened on 11 March).
Duty of care and health and safety
Employers have a duty of care to protect the health, safety and welfare at work of their workforce, as well as others who may be affected by their operations such as contractors and the public so far as is reasonably practical. This would include taking reasonable steps to control the possible spread of the coronavirus at sites under their control, and ensure that any control measures are consistent with the government’s advice and applicable provisions of labour law.
What are the circumstances in which self-isolation should occur?
The General Sanitary Inspectorate has published guidance when an individual must stay at home and not go to work, school, or public areas, or use public transport for a period of 14 days. Currently, the people should stay at home and avoid contact with others are those who within 14 days:
- returned from countries where coronavirus infections have been heavily reported
- had contact with someone with coronavirus
- an individual has symptoms such as fever, coughing or breathing difficulties.
Unless it is agreed between the parties of the employment relationship, an employee cannot unilaterally make the decision concerning self-isolation. The applicable grounds for self-isolation are a sick leave certificate issued by a medical practitioner or isolation ordered by the Sanitary Inspectorate.
Do employees have the right to receive remuneration?
An individual has contracted the coronavirus
If an individual has contracted the coronavirus, then they should be paid in accordance with their usual sickness absence and pay arrangements. Normally, employees who take time off work due to illness confirmed by a medical certificate are able to claim up to 80% of the remuneration when an illness or isolation due to a contagious disease lasts up to 33 days in total during a calendar year, and if the employee is 50 years of age or more, up to 14 days in total during a calendar year. Any longer periods of sick leave is financed by the government by a sick allowance payment.
If an employee is not sick but their employer instructs them not to come to work and work from home
If an employee is not sick but their employer instructs them to work from home and not to attend work – perhaps due to the employer taking a more cautious approach – they should receive their usual pay because they are complying with the employer’s lawful and reasonable instruction.
Based on the newly introduced law, an employer is entitled to instruct their employees (some or all of them) to work remotely for a specified period of time; thus, when ordering remote work, the employer shall define the applicable period (eg 2 weeks). If necessary, the instruction can be repeated. An employee who works remotely is entitled to his/her full remuneration.
If an employee needs time off from work to look after someone (eg due to school closures)
On 11 March 2020, the Polish Prime Minister announced his decision to close all nurseries, schools and universities for two weeks. In this case, parents of children younger than 8 years are entitled to an additional care allowance for this period. If the schools remain closed for a longer period, the ordinary care allowance would apply, which is payable for 60 additional days. Parents of non-infected children at the age of 8 years and older are not entitled to the allowance due to school closure.
Different rules apply if the child has been infected and a medical practitioner has issued a sickness certificate. In this scenario, the allowance is payable for 60 days if the child is younger than 14 years and 14 days as for older children. The allowance is financed by the Social Insurance Fund.
What factors should be considered in terms of remote work?
Provisions of the Polish Labour Code do not regulate in detail the matter of remote work. Although, similar to statutory regulated teleworking, an employer should provide an employee with the necessary equipment to perform work (ie computer, mobile phone etc). An employer should also instruct an employee who works from home office on health and safety at work matters.
Should employers place restrictions on their staff in terms of work-related or personal international travel?
The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs is currently advising against all travel to South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Italy, and has asked businesses to postpone all unessential travel. Employees should not be instructed to travel to crisis regions. You can find up to date information here (available in Polish language).
If an employee is to be directed to a place where the risk of contracting a disease is particularly high, they can refuse to go on the trip, indicating that the conditions of work performance do not comply with appropriate health and safety conditions and pose a threat to his or her health.
Regarding private travel, as a rule the employer has no legal basis to collect information about the employee’s personal international travel and the employee is not obliged to disclose such information.
Do employers have the right to ask employees returning from a coronavirus region to take leave?
An employer cannot force an employee returning to work from a coronavirus-endangered zone to take annual leave, and it is not competent to take action to isolate an employee in quarantine. The proper measure would be to instruct the employee to work remotely.
Nevertheless, employees are bound by an obligation to take care of their own health and safety, and that of their colleagues. Therefore, it is recommended that an employee informs their employer if they come back from a crisis region, have been in contact with a contaminated person, or show coronavirus symptoms.
Do employers have to advise their workforce if an employee has been identified as suffering from coronavirus?
Both the data privacy rights of affected individuals – such as personal medical information which is sensitive personal data – and the health and safety obligations which the employer has towards all its employees should be considered.
As a rule the staff, notification should take place on an anonymous basis (ie without disclosing personal data of the infected individual). Additionally, employers shall notify the local Sanitary Inspectorate about the issue.
Can employers instruct employees who return to work after leaving for the region/country where they were exposed to the coronavirus to have an additional medical examination?
No. The legislation does not provide for the referral of an employee to examinations in connection with an increased risk of contracting viral diseases. The Polish Labour Code does not provide for direct referrals for additional medical examinations in the event of suspected illness. The proper measure would be to instruct the employee to work remotely.
Nevertheless, according to article 229 section 4 of the Labour Code, an employer may not allow an employee to work without a current medical certificate stating that there are no contra-indications to work in a given position. This is valid unless an event occurs during this period that may indicate a change in the employee’s state of health (eg accident or sick related absence for more than 30 days). In this case, a medical certificate of fitness for work becomes obsolete and the employer is obliged to remove the employee from work and refer him or her to a medical practitioner.
Does an employer have the right to ask questions about their employees' state of health?
No. Polish law does not provide for the right to ask questions about employees' state of health. However, employers shall raise awareness and provide employees with information regarding governmental recommendations in the case of specific suspicion of illness.
Where can employers and employees find useful information on the topic?
Information and instructions are provided on webpages of the competent authorities:
