| Force Majeure |
Contract Law
Article 94
The parties to a contract may terminate the contract under any of the following circumstances:
(1) it is rendered impossible to achieve the purpose of contract due to an event of force majeure;
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Article 117
A party, who is unable to perform a contract due to force majeure, is exempted from liability in part or in whole in light of the impact of the event of force majeure, except otherwise provided by law.
Where an event of force majeure occurs after the party's delay in performance, it is not exempted from such liability.
For purposes of this Law, force majeure means any objective circumstances that are unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable.
Article 118
If a party is unable to perform a contract due to an event of force majeure, it shall timely notify the other party so as to mitigate the losses that may be caused to the other party, and shall provide evidence of such event of force majeure within a reasonable period.”
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Under German law, the legal effects of force majeure depend on the specific force majeure clause in the relevant contract.
Further, German law generally requires fault (i.e. intention or negligence) to establish legal liabilities for breach of contract. The existence of fault is presumed by law. A party might be able to base its "no fault" argument on force majeure event(s).
Civil Code
Section 276: responsibility of the obligor
(1) The obligor is responsible for intention and negligence, if a higher or lower degree of liability is neither laid down nor to be inferred from the other subject matter of the obligation, including but not limited to the giving of a guarantee or the assumption of a procurement risk. The provisions of sections 827 and 828 apply with the necessary modifications.
(2) A person acts negligently if he fails to exercise reasonable care.
(3) The obligor may not be released in advance from liability for intention.
Section 278: responsibility of the obligor for third parties
The obligor is responsible for fault on the part of his legal representative, and of persons whom he uses to perform his obligation, to the same extent as for fault on his own part. The provision of section 276 (3) does not apply.”
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Under common law, the legal effects of force majeure depend on the specific force majeure clause in the relevant contract.
Force majeure clause is “[a] contractual provision allocating the risk of loss if performance becomes impossible or impracticable,
esp. as a result of an event or effect that the parties could not have anticipated or controlled.”
Unlike frustration and depending on the relevant clause, force majeure does not necessarily discharge the contract.
In addition, the party relying on the force majeure clause has to take all reasonable steps to avoid its operation or mitigate its results.
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| Frustration of Purpose |
Interpretation II of the Supreme People's Court of Several Issues concerning the Application of the Contract Law
Article 26
Where any major change, that is unforeseeable, is not a business risk and is not caused by a force majeure, occurs after the conclusion of a contract, if the continuous performance of the contract is obviously unfair to the other party or cannot realize the purposes of the contract and a party files a request for the modification or rescission of the contract with the people's court, the people's court shall decide whether to modify or rescind the contract under the principle of fairness and in light of the actualities of the case.”
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Civil Code
Section 313: interference with the basis of the transaction
(1) If circumstances which became the basis of a contract have significantly changed since the contract was entered into and if the parties would not have entered into the contract or would have entered into it with different contents if they had foreseen this change, adaptation of the contract may be demanded to the extent that, taking account of all the circumstances of the specific case, in particular the contractual or statutory distribution of risk, one of the parties cannot reasonably be expected to uphold the contract without alteration.
(2) It is equivalent to a change of circumstances if material conceptions that have become the basis of the contract are found to be incorrect.
(3) If adaptation of the contract is not possible or one party cannot reasonably be expected to accept it, the disadvantaged party may revoke the contract. In the case of continuing obligations, the right to terminate takes the place of the right to revoke.”
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“The doctrine that if a party’s principal purpose is substantially frustrated by unanticipated changed circumstances, that party’s duties are discharged and the contract is considered terminated.”
The doctrine of frustration shall be applied within very narrow limits such that it cannot be lightly invoked to relieve contracting parties of the normal consequences of imprudent commercial bargains. Therefore, mere increase in expense, loss of profit and alternative mode of performance normally will not frustrate a contract.
Some examples of frustrating events:
- Destruction of the contractual subject matter
- No-occurrence of a contractually specified event
- Personal incapacity to perform a personal service contract
- Government intervention
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| Recommendations for the party relying on force majeure and/or frustration (the opposite party may also use them to assess whether both doctrines are applicable) |
- The applicable law to be determined at first;
- All relevant contractual clauses and facts to be carefully examined and evaluated;
- Evidence proving force majeure event and/or frustrating event to be collected (e.g. certificates issued by competent authorities and/or institutions);
- Evidence proving causation between such event and failure to perform / frustration of purpose to be collected;
- Evidence proving the fact, that any other conditions of the force majeure and/or frustration clause/provision (such as mitigating measures, fairness etc.) are complied with, to be collected;
- Procedural formalities, e.g. notification on force majeure event / frustrating event and respective requests (e.g. suspension, modification, termination of contract etc.) to be strictly followed;
- Effective communication or even settlement negotiation with the contract partner to be conducted after a careful internal assessment of facts and law;
- As a last resort, initiating a lawsuit or arbitral proceedings to be considered.
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