Introduction

Biotechnology is revolutionizing medicine, agriculture, and industry by providing tools to address pressing global challenges. The new German coalition considers biotechnology as one of the key industry contributing to the German economy in the next years, and is committed to invest heavily into the sector. Yet many of these biotechnological advances – such as genetic engineering techniques or pathogen research – are inherently dual use: They can serve beneficial civilian purposes but also be misused for harmful ends, including the development of biological weapons. The European Union (EU) and Germany have developed regulatory frameworks to mitigate these risks, balancing security with the need to promote innovation and international collaboration.

Dual Use in the Biotech Sector: Opportunities and Risks

Dual use concerns in biotechnology span a wide range of materials and technologies. Controlled items include certain pathogens (e.g., Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium botulinum), toxins, genetic elements capable of producing dangerous agents, gene editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas, and equipment like fermenters or freeze-dryers that can be repurposed for illicit production of biological agents. The risks are compounded by the growing accessibility of advanced biotechnologies, the global diffusion of knowledge, and the digitization of research processes. These developments create new challenges for export controls traditionally designed for physical goods.

Regulation in the European Union

The EU’s main legal instrument for controlling dual use exports is Regulation (EU) 2021/821 (the “Dual-Use Regulation”), which replaced former Regulation (EC) 428/2009. This regulation governs the export, brokering, transit, and transfer of dual use items, software, and technology, aiming to prevent their misuse while ensuring smooth trade in legitimate goods.

Key features of the Dual-Use Regulation include:

• The “EU Control List”, aligned with international regimes such as the Australia Group and the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC);
• A catch-all clause allowing controls on unlisted items where there is reason to suspect military or weapons-related end use;
• New controls on cyber surveillance technologies and a stronger focus on human rights considerations; and
• Requirements for exporters to implement “Internal Compliance Programs” (ICPs) and enhanced transparency through annual reporting on export authorizations. Licensing is required for exports of listed biotech items outside the EU. The system provides for Union general export authorizations (UGEAs), global authorizations, and individual licenses depending on the sensitivity of the items and destination countries.

The German View

Germany implements EU dual use controls through its Foreign Trade and Payments Act (AWG) and the Foreign Trade and Payments Ordinance (AWV). The Federal Office for Economic Affairs and Export Control (BAFA) is responsible for licensing and enforcement. Germany applies the EU regime strictly, with particular emphasis on: preventing intangible technology transfers (e.g., via email, cloud storage, or virtual meetings), engaging with exporters, universities, and research institutes through guidance and outreach programs, and promoting internal compliance measures tailored to the specific risks in biotechnology.

Recent Trends and Key Challenges

Several trends are reshaping the regulatory landscape for biotech dual use technologies, most namely:

• Digitalization of biotechnology: The rise of cloud computing, bioinformatics, and online DNA sequence databases makes it difficult to monitor and control the spread of sensitive knowledge and data.
• Synthetic biology and gene editing advances: Powerful tools such as CRISPR lower the technical barriers to modifying organisms, raising the risk of misuse.
• Globalization and open science: International collaboration and the sharing of data, essential for progress in biotechnology, increase the risk of unintended technology transfers.

Key challenges for regulators include keeping control lists up to date, ensuring consistent application of rules across EU member states, addressing intangible technology flows, and preventing over-regulation that could hinder legitimate research and innovation.

Summary

Dual use biotechnology illustrates the complex interplay between innovation, trade, and security. The EU and Germany have established comprehensive controls through Regulation (EU) 2021/821 and national laws, yet the pace of scientific and technological change requires constant vigilance and adaptation. Future success will depend on flexible, risk-based regulation, continuous dialogue with stakeholders, and effective international cooperation to ensure biotechnology’s benefits are realized without compromising security.