As a follow-up to the issues discussed in link on the potential introduction of a new category of personal property under English law (ie, digital assets), the Government introduced the Property (Digital Assets etc) Bill (the Bill) into Parliament in September 2024. This development follows the June 2023 Law Commission report, which argued that certain digital assets could be classified as a new type of personal property, despite historic case law suggesting otherwise.
The Bill contains a single operative clause stating: "A thing (including something digital or electronic in nature) is not prevented from being the object of personal property rights merely because it is neither - (a) a thing in possession nor (b) a thing in action."
In this article we consider how the adoption of the Bill may affect lenders and borrowers and how each can best prepare themselves to navigate and make the most of the opportunities this change presents.
How might the Bill affect lenders following adoption?
Expansion in collateral options
The immediate impact will be the legal recognition of digital assets as personal property. This classification allows banks to treat digital assets similarly to traditional forms of property, such as real estate or shares. Consequently, banks would be able to accept digital assets like cryptocurrencies and NFTs as collateral for loans. This expansion in collateral options provides banks with opportunities to attract clients who hold substantial digital portfolios. However, accurately assessing the value and volatility of these assets remains a challenge as digital assets are known for their rapid price fluctuations, requiring sophisticated valuation models that consider market trends and historical data to be adopted. Additionally, establishing clear protocols for handling defaults involving digital assets is crucial. Unlike traditional assets that can be easily repossessed or liquidated, digital assets require specific legal and technical measures to ensure they can be recovered or managed effectively in case of borrower default. There may also be a need for lenders to adapt their internal policies regarding collateral management and loan-to-value ratios considering the unique characteristics and risks associated with digital assets.
Risk management issues
The formal recognition of digital assets necessitates adjustments in risk management frameworks within banks. Digital assets come with unique risks such as volatility, cybersecurity threats, and regulatory uncertainty. Traditional risk assessment tools may not fully capture these products. One potential solution would be for lenders to integrate advanced technologies like AI and blockchain analytics into their risk management processes to obtain real-time insights into market movements and potential risks. These technologies may assist in identifying patterns indicative of fraud or market manipulation. Compliance with AML and KYC regulations will become more complex due to the pseudonymous nature of many digital asset transactions. Enhanced due diligence procedures, including sophisticated transaction monitoring systems capable of tracing digital asset flows across multiple blockchain networks, will be essential. Lenders may also need to develop partnerships with specialised firms that offer expertise in blockchain forensic analysis in order to mitigate these risks.
Storage requirements and solutions
The demand for custodial services tailored specifically for digital assets is likely to surge if there is an uptake in collateralisation of these kinds of securities. Banks can capitalise on this by offering secure storage solutions for various types of digital tokens; however, providing such services requires significant investment in technology infrastructure (particularly cybersecurity measures) and specialised staff training. Offering custodial services may introduce new revenue streams through custody fees or service charges related to managing these assets but competition from existing cryptocurrency custodians means that banks must provide superior security features and regulatory assurances to attract clients. Banks might also explore partnerships with established crypto custodians or technology firms specialising in blockchain security so they can enhance their service offerings without bearing all development costs internally; this collaboration could accelerate time-to-market while ensuring high standards of security and compliance.
Opportunities for innovative financial products
Recognising digital assets as personal property could spur innovation within the banking sector too - financial institutions might explore developing new financial products like crypto-backed loans or tokenised securities leveraging blockchain technology for greater transparency and efficiency. Blockchain-based payment systems have the potential to revolutionise traditional banking by reducing transaction times/costs while increasing security through decentralisation (for instance cross-border payments could become faster/less expensive using blockchain solutions compared conventional methods). However, navigating this rapidly evolving landscape will require close collaboration with regulators to ensure new products comply with emerging legal frameworks across multiple jurisdictions. Banks might invest in research/development initiatives focused integrating blockchain technology seamlessly into existing financial infrastructures while exploring innovative applications beyond lending (eg supply chain financing/trade settlements using smart contracts and distributed ledgers).
New challenges for banks
Incorporating digital assets into mainstream banking activities introduces both opportunities and challenges regarding financial stability. Diversifying into new asset classes can provide benefits but also brings unfamiliar risks that regulators must monitor closely. Central banks may introduce guidelines specific to handling activities related to digital assets within traditional banking frameworks aimed at mitigating systemic risks associated with high volatility or potential market manipulation in nascent cryptocurrency markets. Stress testing scenarios involving significant holdings of digital assets should become part of regular financial stability assessments conducted by regulatory bodies. This ensures that banks are prepared for extreme market conditions impacting their balance sheets due to exposure in volatile asset classes like cryptocurrencies. Additionally, contingency planning mechanisms should be developed collaboratively between central authorities & commercial entities focusing primarily towards crisis management strategies dealing specifically under adverse condition.
How might the Bill affect borrowers following adoption?
A new category of collateral!
One of the immediate impacts for borrowers is the ability to use digital assets such as cryptocurrencies, NFTs and other blockchain-based tokens as collateral for loans. This expands the range of assets that borrowers can leverage when seeking financing. For individuals holding substantial digital portfolios, this provides an opportunity to unlock liquidity without having to liquidate their digital holdings. However, securing loans against volatile digital assets may come with higher interest rates or stricter terms due to the inherent risks associated with these types of collateral. Borrowers should be prepared for more rigorous scrutiny during the loan approval process, with banks likely requiring detailed information about the nature and value of the digital assets being used as collateral.
Improved access to credit
For tech-savvy individuals and businesses heavily invested in digital assets, this legislative change could improve access to credit. Traditional financial institutions have often been hesitant to accept non-traditional forms of collateral due to legal ambiguities and valuation difficulties. With clear legal recognition under the new Bill, borrowers can now present a more compelling case for their creditworthiness when these assets are taken into account. Despite this improvement in access, it is essential for borrowers to be aware that not all financial institutions may immediately adopt policies accepting digital asset collateral. The speed at which different banks integrate these changes could vary significantly based on their risk tolerance and technological readiness.
Effect on Borrowers' risk profile
Borrowers must also consider how using digital assets as collateral affects their risk profile. Given the volatility commonly associated with cryptocurrencies and other digital assets, there is a potential risk that rapidly declining values could trigger margin calls or force defaults under certain facility agreements. Additionally, safeguarding these digital assets becomes paramount since any compromise or loss could directly affect their ability to meet collateral requirements. Borrowers might need to invest in enhanced security measures such as hardware wallets or custodial services offered by banks themselves.
Legal and regulatory issues
The formal recognition of digital assets under this Bill also places additional legal and regulatory responsibilities on borrowers. Ensuring compliance with AML and KYC regulations will become increasingly important when dealing with financial institutions. Borrowers should expect enhanced due diligence processes from lenders who will require comprehensive documentation regarding the acquisition and ownership history of their digital assets. Transparency about transactions involving these assets will be crucial in maintaining regulatory compliance and avoiding issues during loan evaluations.
Importance of detailed financial planning
Finally, integrating digital asset strategies into broader financial planning becomes more relevant than ever before. Borrowers need careful consideration regarding how leveraging these new collateral options aligns with long-term financial goals and risk tolerance levels. Engaging professional advice from financial advisors knowledgeable about both traditional finance principles and emerging trends within cryptocurrency markets can provide valuable insights tailored specifically towards individual circumstances and can help borrowers navigate this new and uncharted asset class.
Concluding thoughts
In conclusion, the Bill marks a significant development in recognising digital assets as personal property under English law. This legislative change opens up new avenues for both lenders and borrowers, presenting opportunities to leverage digital assets in financial transactions while also necessitating robust risk management and compliance frameworks. While banks can attract clients with substantial digital portfolios and innovate financial products, they must also navigate challenges related to valuation, risk management, and regulatory compliance. Similarly, borrowers benefit from increased access to credit but must be mindful of the risks associated with volatile digital assets and enhanced due diligence requirements.
As banks and borrowers (and their professional advisors) navigate this evolving landscape, the integration of advanced technologies and adherence to regulatory standards will be crucial in maximising the benefits and mitigating the risks associated with digital asset collateralisation. Overall, this Bill paves the way for integrating digital assets into mainstream financial activities while necessitating careful consideration of their unique characteristics and potential impacts on financial stability.
Find out more
To discuss the issues raised in this article in more detail, please contact a member of our Banking and Finance team.
